Chemical Properties and Physical Properties

When you study matter, youll be expected to understand and distinguish between chemical and physical properties. Physical Properties Basically, physical properties are those which you can observe and measure without changing the chemical identity of your sample. Physical properties are used to describe matter and make observations about it. Examples of physical properties include color, shape, position, volume and boiling point. Physical properties may be subdivided into intensive and extensive properties. An intensive property (e.g., color, density, temperature, melting point) is a bulk property that does not depend on the sample size. An extensive property (e.g., mass, shape, volume)Â  is affected by the amount of matter in a sample. Chemical Properties Chemical properties, on the other hand, reveal themselves only when the sample is changed by a chemical reaction. Examples of chemical properties include flammability, reactivity and toxicity. The Gray Area Between Physical and Chemical Properties Would you consider solubility to be a chemical property or a physical property, given that ionic compounds dissociate into new chemical species when dissolved (e.g., salt in water), while covalent compounds do not (e.g., sugar in water)?

Analysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula - 980 Words

Through place and time, there are those who find themselves questioning. For there are choices and risks in every relationship. There are good and evil in each and everyone. In this time it is the 1900s set in Medallion, Ohio. Toni Morrison s Sula takes readers on a journey through pillars, betrayals and tragedies surrounding two girls; Nel Wright and Sula Peace. The Bottom originated from a master and a slave. After some arduous tasks, the slave was given a piece of land on top of the hills. This is where the black community settle on high up in the hills over the town of Medallion. However, changes began to take place due the beginning makings of a golf course. Shadrack is a resident of the Bottom who fought in WWI and returns a broken man. He lives within the border of the town. Due to his traumatic new life, he creates a new day called National Suicide Day which is celebrated every year on January third since 1920. Before the town were on guard of him and his one day ritual, but now they subconsciously accepts him. Nel and Sula were young and grew up under different conditions. Nel lives with her mother, Helene. Sula grew up in a house full of boarders, such as Eva, Hannah, Pearl, Plum, Tar Baby, the Deweys and a married couple. Despite the differences, they became very close and good friends. After an unfortunate event with Chicken Little, it had become a secret that only the two would know, even when it was unintentional. The two began to grow apart. Later one day,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthe two girls share as a result of their juvenescence--or does it? In Toni Morrison s Sula, this scene, among others, appears at first to be both irrelevant to the novel’s underlying theme and out of place with regard to the rest of the plot. Yet, when analyzed further, the literary devices that Morrison uses in these scenes bring readers to a vastly different conclusion. These scenes serve as windows into the mind of Morrison and even into the larger themes present in the text. So, perhaps two girlsRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula 1631 Words   |  7 PagesFor Sula Peace and Nel Wright, in Sula, defining oneself in a pool of racism and varying moral standards is by no means challenging. Through a vivid and consistent emphasis of color and physical appearance, author Toni Morrison effectively outlines Sula and Nel’s attempts to comprehend and create their personal identities separate from the own mothers’ influences. Based on their situations, it appears that anyone can easily alter their character and self to fit their desires. However, Morrison ultimatelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula 1906 Words   |  8 PagesSula is written by Noble Prize winner in Literature, Toni Morrison. Morrison’s novels are known for their epic themes, dramatic dialogue, and opulently detailed characters. This novel contains originality and overflows with problematic sit uations that take place during the time after World War I. Sula opens up in a town called Bottom, which is mostly occupied by African Americans. This town is positioned, in the hills above the mostly white, wealthier community of Medallion, Ohio. This town hasRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula 1474 Words   |  6 PagesBut what remains the same in a person after all these years? Toni Morrison, in her novel Sula, suggests that our inner selves do not change as much as we think. Through a consistent emphasis on body parts, color, and physical appearance, Morrison illustrates the coexistence of change and stability that lie within each person’s body and identity. Though it appears that people can easily alter their identities to fit their desires, Morrison ultimately emphasizes that one’s identity does not change overRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesOpposite and Similarity Attract in Sula Most of people find themselves attracted to someone very unlike them, a phenomenon called â€Å"opposites attract†. People are usually drawn to those whose personality, characteristics or habits are opposite to them because they are fascinated by the differences and are curious of exploring what they have never experienced before. Throughout history, many writers attempt to explore and investigate the cause of this absorbing human trait by analyzing their characters’Read MoreAnalysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s Sula Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pagesbe broken if new circumstances occur. A contract can be voided by mutual consent.† In other words, the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dullRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Toni Morrisons Sula1464 Words   |  6 PagesMorrison’s novel Sula, takes place within a black community also referred to as the Bottom in Medallion, Ohio in the 1920’s. It’s a topsy turvy world. The once-useless land that a white man jeeringly provided for a dark man is currently being transformed into a socially attractive district for white individuals. However, this reversed request isnt only an amusing setting for the novel; it is a fundamental topic of the novel, for as Morrison has stated, Evil is as useful as good is although goodRead MoreSula Birthmark Analysis1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Birthmark and Sula: Forced Identity Toni Morrison’s novel Sula, examines a wide range of topics, delving particularly into morality, the black female experience, and friendship. The narrative follows childhood best friends, Nel and Sula, as they navigate life in the Bottom, a black community in Ohio. Although inseparable as children, even undivided after accidentally killing a two-year-old boy, they follow divergent paths as adults. Nel leads a life of conformity; Sula does the opposite. AnRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison’s Beloved shows the dehumanization of slavery and its effects on African-Americans and their basic forms of existence—specifically motherhood. Morrison depicts the strong maternal bond between Sethe and her children. Most importantly, her use of Sethe’s controversial act of infanticide shows the lengths that Sethe will take to protect her child ren from slavery. Morrison’s depiction of Sethe’s motherhood shows how slavery has deconstructed the Eurocentric expectations and traditionsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Recitatif1135 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis Paper: â€Å"Recitatif† by Toni Morrison Many authors write fictional novels about historical events. A common topic written about is the racial integration between African Americans and whites during the 1950’s. Although the short story â€Å"Recitatif† explicate many different themes, the central topic of Morrison’s writing is about racism. Throughout the story, the author expresses examples of hatred between black and white races at the shelter, the different encounters they have, and

Part One Shakespeares Alleged Blunders in Legal Terminology Essay Example For Students

Part One Shakespeares Alleged Blunders in Legal Terminology Essay Part One Shakespearequot;s Alleged Blunders in Legal Terminology Mr. William C. Devecmon of the Maryland bar has written an extremely interesting book* to establish the proposition that Shakespeare was not trained to the law. His arguments are strong and well expressed. But he is not so successful in the attempt in his last chapter to set forth Some of Shakespeares Errors in Legal Terminology. We propose to examine briefly his allegations as to this matter. The instances he cites of supposed inaccuracy are as follows: I. Queen. Tell me what state, what dignity, what honor Canst thou demise to any child of mine? King Richard. Even all I have; ay, and myself and all, Will I withal endow a child of thine. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Richard III, IV, iv, 248-251 Upon this passage Mr. Devecmon comments, Dignities and honors could not be demised; and be cites Comyn and Blackstone. We answer. 1. If we interpret the word demise in its technical sense, the queen, who asks the question implying the negative, speaks correctly. King Richard cannot so demise them. 2. But if Shakespeare, after his wonted manner, uses the word in something like its root sense send down or away, transfer, transmit, like endow two lines later in the sense of equip, furnish, again we say the phraseology is accurate enough. In neither word does he imply a technically legal process. 3. If it be a mistake, is it not a very natural one in the mouth of the queen not learned in the law? It may impart verisimilitude. II. Hamlet. Besides, to be demanded of a sponge! What replication should be made by the son of a king? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, IV, ii, 12, 13, Spragues Edition. Says Devecmon, A very few days, or, at most, weeks, of practical training in a lawyers office, would have sufficed to teach Shakespeare that this is an incorrect use of the word replication. He adds, that, in the technical language of the law in pleadings, a replication is the plaintiffs reply to the defendants plea. Answer. 1. This is not in the course of pleading. Shakespeare uses replication precisely as Chaucer had done more than two hundred years before in his Knights Tale line 1846, Gilmans edition in the sense of replyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? My wyl is this, for plat conclusioun Withouten any replicacioun. It is found in the same sense in the Lovers Complaint Passionate Pilgrim, 1609 and Loves Labors Lost, IV, ii, 16. In Julius Caesar I, i, 44-46, Spragues edition we read, Have you not made an universal shout That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, To hear the replication of your sounds? Here it is manifestly in the sense of echo, repetition, or reverberation. 2. Hamlet, speaking nearly six centuries before the play was composed, can hardly be thinking of the pleadings in Elizabethan courts. He never saw the inside of any Chitty on Pleadings. Shakespeare, then, put no mistake in his mouth; but, if he had done so, it would have proved nothing against Shakespeares knowledge of the law. III. Thaliard. For if a king bid a man be a villain, he is bound by the indenture of his oath to be one. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Pericles, I, iii, 6, 7. Says our critic, Here the oath of allegiance is referred to. The use of the word indenture is entirely out of place. Answer. 1. This passag e is conceded by all the best Shakespearean scholars, or nearly all of them, to be by some other pen than Shakespeares. His part of Pericles, if he had any hand in its composition, does not begin till we reach Act III. 2. If Shakespeares, it is reasonable to explain the word as metaphorical, as it surely is in King JohnÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Upon thy cheek lay I this zealous kiss As seal to this indenture of my love. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?II, i, 20. In Hamlet V, i, 104, Spragues edition, and in I Henry IV, II, iv, 44; III, i, 80, 139, 257, indenture is used in its strict legal sense, showing that Shakespeare was fully aware of its technical signification. 3. The last scene in Pericles takes place in the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Is it not preposterous to expect a lord of Antioch in that play, some hundreds of years B. C. , to use with scrupulous precision the law phraseology of Shakespeares age? IV. Hotspur. Methinks my moiety, north from Burton here, In quantity equals not one of yours. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?I Henry IV, III, i, 96, 97. Some modem lawyers and text-writers, remarks Devecmon, use the word moiety as inaccurately as Shakespeare, as though it could mean a third or any part. Answer. 1. Moiety here refers to a third part. It seems to have been rarely if ever restricted to the mathematical half. 2. Eight times in Shakespeare e. . in Hamlet, I, i, 90, Spragues edition the word is used as the equivalent of portion. It is the French moitiÃÆ'ƒÂ © from Lat. medietas, and, like Lat. medius and Eng. mid, does not necessarily imply division in the exact middle. Half was also vaguely used by the old writers for side or Part, as we now often use the word quarter. Thus Chaucer has, O n fourÃÆ'ƒÂ « halvÃÆ'ƒÂ «s of the house about. Millers Tale, Gilmans edition line 3481. The freshman could quote good authority for his translation of the first sentence in Caesars Commentaries, All Gaul is quartered into three halves! Says Moberly, The word moiety, like halb or half, originally means only a part; as desshalb and similar German words show. V. Queen Katherine to Wolsey. I do believe, Induced by potent circumstances, that You are mine enemy, and make my challenge You shall not be my judge. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Henry VIII, II, iv, 74-77. To challenge, declares our critic, is to object to those who are returned to act as jurors. The judge was not subject to challenge. Answer. 1. To challenge in Shakespeare is found at least eighteen times in the sense of to claim as of right. Very likely therefore it is so used here. It would suit the context perfectly. 2. This court is ecclesiastical rather than secular, an extraordinary tribunal, proceeding by canon rather than by common law. The two cardinals, Wolsey and Campeius, are at once judge and jury. If the queen has in mind the usages of law trials, the word challenge is nevertheless felicitous. 3. But if not so, this Spanish-born Katherine, who is laboring under tremendous excitement, and who is not versed in hair-splitting legal distinctions, may be excused for using the word without technical accuracy. It may well mark her extreme agitation. VI. Horatio. Our valiant Hamlet * * * Did slay this Fortinbras; who, by a sealed compact, Well ratified by law and heraldry, Did forfeit with his life. * * * ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, I, i, 85-87, Spragues edition. Quoting from Rapalje Lawrences Law Dic. , Devecmon says, Ratification is where a person adopts a contract or other transaction which is not binding on him because entered into by an unauthorized agent. In this passage, says Devecmon, well ratified by means strictly in accordance with. He adds, As a legalism its use is out of place. Answer. 1. The burden of proof that well ratified by is out of place is on the critic. King Hamlet, probably by his ambassador, made a compact with Fortinbras, King of Norway. Before this compact could become binding, it had to be ratified by King Hamlet. What evidence have we that it was not so ratified? If, then, the word is to have its technical sense, it is in all probability corr ect. 2. But if it is not to bear its technical meaning, what valid objection can be offered to its use? Shakespeare is much given to employing words in their radical sense. Ratified, from Lat. atus, fixed, and fac to make, fi- to be made, is equivalent to confirmed. In the sense of confirm, sanction, or make valid, he uses it at least seven times e. g. Macbeth, III, vi, 33, Spragues edition; Tempest, V, i, 8, Spragues edition. Skelton has it to the same effect in his Colin Clout 1520, Levins in his Manipulus Vocabulortim 1570, Bacon in his Political Fables 1605. Why should not Shakespeare in the passage quoted from Hamlet? 3. Horatio, the Dane, six centuries before, could hardly be expected to be familiar with the legal terminology of Littleton, Coke, and Selden. _______ Part Two Shakespearequot;s Alleged Blunders in Legal Terminology VII. King Claudius. Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, The imperial jointress of this warlike state ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, I, ii, 8, 9, Spragues edition. On this passage Devecmon quotes Co. Litt. 46: Jointress, a woman who has an estate settled on her by her husband, to hold during her life if she survive him. He comments, Queen Gertrude could have neither a dower nor a jointure in the Kingdom, of Denmark. Answer. 1. King Claudius in the eleventh century, courting popularity, and not having the fear of English or American lawyers before his eyes, uses both the word imperial and the word jointress with poetic vagueness, yet with a deceitful assumption of right, as if Gertrude were indeed an empress dowager. The phrase imperial jointress is adroitly used, and it shows Shakespeares deep insight into the kings cunning. 2. If not so, the word, being quite rare, may well be used, as most commentators claim, simply for sharer, partner, joint occupant. VIII. Boyet. So you grant pasture for me [offering to kiss her. Lady Maria. Not so, gentle beast. My lips no common are, though several they be. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Loves Labors Lost, II, i, 221, 222. Devecmon asserts, Shakespeare doubtless knew that one cannot at the same time hold a thing in common and in severalty; and if so, he here sacrifices his knowledge for a mere play on words, which I fancy a professional pride, if he had any lega l training, would not have permitted him to do. Answer. This is a question not of knowledge but of taste. Would Shakespeare, if he had been a trained lawyer, have perpetrated such puns? Perhaps not. The way in which Shakespeare dramatizes the prejudices of his own society in the court scene of The Merchant of Venice EssayGive me at least my 10,000 ducats , says the Jew. The judge replies, I will give you nothing: if you will have the pound of flesh, take it: if not, I will order, etc. We must again insist that these crude proceedings of a court held perhaps five hundred or a thousand years ago are not intended as a picture of an Elizabethan tribunal scene, but that the dramatist, while following English usage sufficiently to make his audience understand what is supposed to be taking place, is really in imagination in mediaeval Venice, giving the very age and body of the time his form and pressure. The same fact must be borne in mind in considering the fifth specification under Devecmons charge against Shakespeare, of ignorance, unreason, and injustice; viz. , 5. The court quickly resolves itself into one of criminal jurisdiction, and the Jews life and goods are declared forfei ted. This is one of those particulars in which Devecmon holds that the trial scene disregards all ideas of law, justice, and morality for mere dramatic effect. Answer. Although this particular feature is not in the Italian novel on which, as we have seen, Shakespeare constructed a great part of the trial scene, it, as also the other proceedings, finds a close parallel in a case narrated by Mr. John T. Doyle of Califomia in the Overland Monthly of July 1886 partly reproduced in Furnesss Variorum Edition of Merchant of Venice, pp. 417-420. Let us premise some particulars. Sojourning for some months in the city of Granada, Nicaragua, in 1851 and 1852, Mr. Doyle became involved in half a dozen lawsuits, in several of which the five following steps occurred: 1. The magistrate Alcalde directed some one present to go and call the plaintiff into court. So Mer. of Venice, IV, i, 14 the duke sent for Shylock, Go and call the Jew into court. 2. The facts being agreed upon, the judge in Nicaragua announced that he proposed to submit the case to a practicing lawyer, a jurisconsult, unless competent objections were made. In like manner Mer. of Ven. , IV, i, 100, 101 we hear the duke say, Bellario, a learned doctor, whom I have sent for to determine this. Bellario, being ill, dispatches the disguised Portia to act in his stead, if accepted Mer. f Venice, IV, i, 153-156, Spragues ed.. The duke graciously accepts the substitute, saying, You are welcome; take your place IV. i, 161. 3. The plaintiff, too, must distinctly accept the referee. After some delay Shylock does this with emphasis IV, i, 229-230 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? I charge you by the law, Whereof you are a well-deserving pillar, Proceed to judgment. 4. One condition further mu st be fulfilled to give the new judge complete jurisdiction; the defendant also must formally assent. Antonio does it cordially IV, i, 234, 235 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. 5. Another curious coincidence comes to light between the custom in Spanish-American countries and that exemplified in Venice; as we may fairly infer from what takes place in IV, i, 397-444. Mr. Doyle tells us that the custom of the country costumbre del pais required that the successful party, in a suit in which such amicus curiae was called in, should bestow on the referee a honorarium gratification they called it for his services. It was $200 in Doyles case. Similarly the duke suggests, Antonio, gratify this gentleman IV, i, 397. Three thousand ducats are accordingly offered the brilliant jurisconsult, Portia. She declines the money, but takes in lieu of it gloves and a precious ring. 6. We come now to what Devecmon regards as the climax of ignorance or illegality, the sudden assumption of criminal jurisdiction by this court. Mr. Doyles parallel case is in brief outline as follows: A question arose in this city as to the disposition of the estate of a gentleman who had been slain at Mazatlan in an encounter with his partner, while discussing in anger the state of their accounts. There had been a trial over the case in Mexico. The surviving partner put forward claims before our court, which caused me, in behalf of the next of kin of the deceased, to send to Mexico for a complete transcript of the judgment record there. [Mr. Doyle here gives an account of the official inquiry as to the cause of death. The inquiry was made before the Alcalde, who conducted the inquiry with evident partiality to the survivor. At the conclusion the Alcalde acquitted him. Intermediate proceedings took place. ] The Fiscal States Attorney, on behalf of the State, intervenes, and appeals to the Supreme Court. There the witnesses are re-examined; they contradict each other badly, and break down * * * The judgment below is then reversed, the defendant sentenced to death, and the Alcalde, before whom the trial had been had below is sentenced to pay a fine of $100 for his partiality and misconduct! There is no reason to suppose that this Mexican case is a solitary instance. A sufficient investigation would probably reveal the fact that in all the Spanish-American nations, and very likely in all of those of southern Europe, at least in their early stages, courts of justice, like Turkish cadis today, freely exercised equity, civil, and criminal jurisdiction. How Shakespeare came to know of these customary forms, or, if he did not know of them, by what strange accident he lighted on them, is a mystery. Mr. Doyle remarks, If Shakespeare knew nothing of Venetian law, there was no great improbability in assuming it to resemble that of. Spain, considering that both were inherited from a common source, and that the Spanish monarchs had so long exercised dominion in Italy. Let us at any rate be slow to charge him with ignorance. The range and accuracy of his information, says Lowell, were beyond precedent or later parallel. Like many before him, Devecmon charges Portia i. e. Shakespeare with cruelty towards Shylock, cruelty surpassing that of the thumb screw or the rack, in making him abandon the cherished religion of his fathers and his race, and embrace the hated religion of the Christian. Such critics forget that, according to the current belief in those remote ages and even in Shakespeares day, instead of cruelty, the greatest possible kindness was shown to Shylock, rescuing him as a brand from the burning. They verily believed that, by professing Christianity and receiving baptism, he would be saved from endless damnation and made sure of an. eternity of bliss! Devecmon accuses Portias rulings as being bad in morals, aside from the law. Here is a man who for three months has had murder in his heart, and has often gloated over the anticipated joy of killing the irascible yet sweet-souled Antonio. He has come in order to perpetrate the horrid deed in open court. There, in presence of the duke, he has whetted the knife to cut out Antonios heart. He has scouted the pathetic appeals of the duke and of Portia for mercy. He has produced the scales which he has brought into court to weigh the flesh. He has fiercely avowed his fixed intent. He is, impatient to spring like a tiger upon his meek victim. He has broken the law of Venice and of God. He has forfeited life, prosperity, and liberty. Yet he is instantly pardoned. He is set free. He is allowed to retain half of his ill-gotten millions, to do with them as he pleases. The other half is held in trust for his daughter and her husband, the whole to be theirs upon his death. Says Devecmon, We feel little pity for Shylock, but our sense of reverence for the law is shockedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?the majesty of the law is degraded. But what majesty of law is upheld when a contract contra bonos mores is allowed to be enforced? Such Devecmon concedes this to have been, quoting the familiar maxim, Ex turpi causa lion oritur actio. The law of the Twelve Tables, which we have quoted, and which in the remote past was interpreted to permit the creditors to cut an insolvent debtor in pieces, was very likely in Shakespeares mind. He applies a crucial test. He shows its sharp antagonism to the higher law; that, Mercy is above this sceptred sway. Never again, in England at least, could a law authorizing murder seem valid. It was high time that some one should show that when mans law squarely conflicts with Gods law, mans must give way. Majesty of Law! Would it, then, have vindicated the wicked law, or made it more revered, if Portia had permitted the butchery of Antonio? We have a law, and by that law he ought to die, said some of the ancestors of Shylock John, xix, 7, and the greatest crime of all the ages was perpetrated, it was claimed, in strict accordance with law! Homer B. Sprague, Ph. D. , Ex-Pres. Univ. of N. Dakota.

Training Strategies in Teacher Education Programs

Introduction Training teachers, as part of complete instructional delivery, is laden with series of benefits since it makes the education process more inclusive and learner oriented. By training teachers on the rights instruction delivery methodology, it is not only possible to create an inclusive education environment but also to equip the teachers with necessary resources and skills required in the dynamic instruction delivery field, irrespective of the grade or type of a classroom.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Training Strategies in Teacher Education Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time in sundry, different programs have been created to teach teachers as the education environment keeps on changing with the introduction of new technology, constant revision of the curriculum, and changes in standardized methods of teaching. For instance, the teaching of teachers (ToTs) program has bec ome ideal in equipping teachers with the right skills in the education environment. As a result, teaching teachers has become a necessity to ensure that the instruction deliverers remain relevant and acquire new skills to tackle any challenge that might arise in the course of instruction delivery. There are several reasons that guarantee the success of the ToTs program. The first issue is that it takes time for people to learn things, and often years for them to master it. This means that effective ToTs program is a blueprint for creating an inclusive learning environment that spans over a relatively long period to guarantee internalization of necessary education skills. For instance, a program on instruction delivery would create an-all-round instructor who is focused on creating of an ideal and sustainable learning environment. The second issue is that people learn differently. Therefore, a successful ToTs program may become flexible enough to support various learning styles at in structor and learner levels. Therefore, this treatise attempts to explicitly review three strategies that are useful for ToTs in relation to my learning experience through the pre-service and in-service teacher education programs. Literature Review A large body of literature indicates that individuals have different teaching, learning, and preference styles. The learning preferences tend to differ among learners (Darling-Hammond Sykes, 2009). The purpose of learning has in the recent years shifted from memorizing information (surface learning) to being able to find and utilize the information (deep learning).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modern studies have indicated that learning process is constructive and not receptive (Brownell, Bishop, Sindelar, 2008). As a result, the learner is expected to construct and understand knowledge. The learner then creates new ideas and models from the information obtained (abstract hypotheses). Finally, the learner takes action-active testing (Darling-Hammond Sykes, 2009). Brownell, Bishop, and Sindelar (2009) highlighted the effectiveness of using ToTs programs. They asserted that, in addition to the career teacher training, instructors who are continuously trained have a high attrition rate. Although the ToTs program is successful in many states, it should have the required credentials that provide explanations or evidence of its success rates. For instance, the South Carolina’s model has been applied in different regions across the globe, including Saudi Arabia. To determine the effectiveness of the program, it is important to review its application and relevance. For example, Ertmer and Ottenbreit-Leftwich (2010) offered information concerning the relevance of ToTs program. The article examined how ToTs program has added to the overall improvement of the school’s level of accomplishment. Apparen tly, it has become critical for learning institutions to create programs aimed at training teachers. Crichton, Pegler, and White (2012) explained how to improve a teacher’s performance by describing and illustrating how a competency assessment instrument should be used. Such an instrument allows one to assess for criteria and various requirements needed in imparting knowledge in the dynamic education environment. This basic training involves the use of the problem-solving methodology, which defines the problem, gathers data, and formulates a solution to achieving an evaluation. This means that a teacher passed through the ToTs program will use the problem solving methodology in teaching (Crichton, Pegler, White, 2012). Teachers exploring new technologies may find that the school network is unable to support them due to inadequate wireless access, firewall restrictions, lack of bandwidth, or other issues. In a recent study of 559 Ohio teachers, participants reported that rest rictions on the school firewall filtered or blocked some Web 2.0 tools for the purpose of protecting students from unwanted or inappropriate materials (Ertmer Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010). However, this action not only prevented students from accessing Web 2.0 tools but also prevented and discouraged teachers from adopting these tools in their classrooms. Participants reported that acceptable use policies should be reviewed before integrating Web 2.0 tools into instructional practice (Brownell, Bishop, Sindelar, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Training Strategies in Teacher Education Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an urban Canadian district piloting iPods and iPads, staff was not prepared for the difficulties in synchronizing, powering, maintaining, and managing the devices (Crichton, Pegler, White, 2012). Therefore, when provided with a well-maintained network, teachers can explor e technologies, thus, building their knowledge base to become 21st Century teachers. Three Training Strategies in Teacher Education Programs Learning teams (collaborative learning) The collaborative learning strategy is significant in addressing the knowledge age through construction of group dynamics that can be applied in real practice at the educator and learner levels. The collaborative learning functions on the aspects of invention, exploration of knowledge, solving problems, active participation, and proactive engagement of the parties involved as summarized in the figure below. Fig. 1: Collaborative learning channel (Source: Self generated) There are several benefits of collaborative learning as part of training teachers in the dynamic education environment. Through collaborative learning, the instructors undergoing training are in a position to understand the aspect of discourse in instruction delivery as ideal when spoken and written communication is simplified as per the level or grade of a learner. Since discourse connotes language, thought pattern, and knowledge application, those undergoing training are empowered to internalize the pattern of presenting written and spoken communication that guarantees complete and competent participation of the audience.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, collaborative learning enables the instructor to acquire skills that can support development and sustaining relationship between word and though in the sensitive instruction delivery, especially when the class composition is diverse. In the end, it will be easy for the instructor to track and generate group learning progress besides establishing a standardized way of recognizing different facts (Driscoll, 2005). Through collaborative learning, I was trained on how to apply the group concept in balancing the aspect of written and spoken communication as foreign English language instructor in Saudi Arabia during pre-service teacher education. Through creating a sustainable learning process, I was trained on how integrate the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in teaching English as a second to language by instructing small groups of learners to assist each other through direct contact and discoursing (Driscoll, 2005). The pre-service teacher education was meant to equip m e with skills for ensuring that classroom learning process is transformed into an interesting and interacting activity that invokes the thought pattern of each learner into group activity that is collaborative in nature. As part of the in-service teacher education through the mandatory vocational training programs in Saudi Arabia, I underwent series of training on how to engage all the learners in imparting group discourse, experiences, skills, ideas, and knowledge, irrespective of the level of mastery of the English language or grade of the learners. Through collaborative learning training, I was taught how to simply lesson delivery by organizing learners into small groups as transforming the individual contribution of each learner into a group product that can be examined against set discourse standards. Technology-based learning Technology-base learning as part of the ToTs program involved imparting significant skills on educators to ensure that they are knowledgeable on how to a pply technology to support the learning process. Technology-based learning is characterized by the use of different technological tools such as computer, videos, audio-visual presentations, iPhones, and internet among others (Crichton, Pegler, White, 2012). While undergoing career training as a teacher, the instructor was categorical on the importance of acquiring skills in technology-based learning in lesson execution. For instance, chart and pictures as instruments o technology-based learning will make the learning experience interesting to the minds of any grade in the classroom. Besides, I was taught that the use of visual-audio presentation such as a simple class video would boost confidence of the learners since fear and low self esteem is a common occurrence especially when the minority or special needs learner has to cope with his/her normal counterparts. Therefore, integration of technology-based learning enables the educator to acquire practical skills that might boost cr eativity and confidence in the classroom environment. Apart from the career training, I have attended series of vocational ToTs programs designed to train teacher on the latest technology-based learning and how to integrate these support services in the lesson execution. As a foreign language teacher in Saudi Arabia, I was trained to depend on creation of a visual representational meaning called the space-based model for analysis centered on the placement of objects within the semiotic space of the learners in their classroom environment. For instance, in practical teaching training as part of the in-service teacher education, I was trained on the importance of creating short videos/slides and giving student the opportunity to practice communication of their ideas clearly and concisely to an audience of their peers in the context of a formal class presentation. Notably, I learnt that inclusion of the class video in the learning process is important in attracting attention of the lea rners as part of the pre-service teacher education. While undergoing the second year of pre-service teacher education, I was trained on the importance of integrating technology in teaching as critical in creating a creative and dynamic learning environment. As a result of this training, I am always in a position to quantify the level of understanding of the topic discussed by reflecting on the learner’s perception, distinctiveness, attentiveness, and understanding. I was also trained on how to catch attention of learners by simplifying the lesson delivery to accommodate the interests of the fast and slow learners. For instance, under the education psychology program as part of pre-service teacher training, I was trained on the significance of giving attention according to learning level, special needs, and grades score in the rubric. This skill ensures that learners understand different technological applications, which make instruction delivery interesting and easy to follow . From the technology-based training as part of the in-service teacher education, I was equipped with the necessary skills for balancing overdependence of technology in education by creating a lesson plan that properly fuses traditional and modern instruction delivery to encourage creativity among learners. Brainstorming strategy Brainstorming strategy as part of teacher education involves proactive engagement of the learners in a participatory approach to ensure that the instructor acquire skills for engaging active participation of all the students in a classroom. While undergoing pre-service teacher education, more than 40% of all the classes were delivered through the brainstorming strategy, which was characterized by the lecturer highlighting a topic after which each learner was expected to give his or her own opinion. The lessons were delivered in a progressive manner within the Practice, Production, and Presentation model. We seemed to enjoy the brainstorming strategy and wer e fully engaged from the beginning to the end since the style of lesson delivery was characterized by humor and use of very practical examples. While undergoing vocational training as part of the in-service learning programs designed for teachers, I underwent series of training on brainstorming strategies such as how to apply flashcards, cue-response drill, and brainstorm to teach vocabulary to the learners. For instance, I was trained to be constantly using different facial expressions when correcting the mistakes made by the learners in addition to oral presentation to ensure that the students internalize construction of different English words and phrases (Harmer, 2007). As an instructor of English as a foreign language in Saudi Arabia, I have applied the skills from pre-service and in-service teacher education training to designed series of brainstorming lessons that are systematically structured and delivered in a humorous way to maximize level of learner engagement. As the ins tructor, I have been empowered by the skills I acquired through different teacher education training to be clear, practical, and focused in delivering the lesson content through the STT format by not shying away from the interactive learning. Besides, I now understand the significance of using facial expressions and practical examples to ensure that the lesson in a success. For instance, in one of the pre-service training lessons, my lecturer used the example of describing an experience in the cinema hall through person reflection about immediate environment and occurrences during the event. This gave him the opportunity to introduce different descriptive words since the learners could relate to the topic (Harmer, 2007). From this lesson, I acquired knowledge on the importance of using simple and practical examples that learners can relate to as part of complete and holistic learning through past experiences. In addition, I was trained on the importance of adopting an inclusive inst ruction delivery and interactive lesson session as part of the basic tenets of promoting active learner participation. As a result of the pre-service and in-service training on how to apply brainstorming strategy in instruction delivery, I have been able to customize most of my English language lessons to suit the young Saudi learners. Conclusion From the above reflection, teacher education is a vital element in the teaching profession since it gives the necessary skills to instructor. For instance, pre-service teacher education exposes a potential instructor to the teaching environment in terms of the expectations of learners and ideal approach for effective instruction delivery. Since most of the pre-service teacher education is designed to help a potential teacher to understand the dynamics of the education environment, it is a crucial element of holistic teaching and review in any classroom setting. During such training, potential educators are empowered with practical skills fo r proactive learner assessment as a prerequisite for comprehensive instruction delivery. Apart from the pre-service teacher education, in-service teacher education, in the form of continuous vocational training of teachers, is important in updating the skills that instructors have to ensure that they are relevant. Since the field of instruction delivery in education is dynamic due to series of constant modifications in teaching methods and curriculum, continuous teacher training is necessary towards ensuring the outdated skills are replaced by modern and equality dynamic teaching methods. For instance, since the aspect of technology-based education is quickly replacing the traditional teaching approach, constant training of teachers of technology application in education can make a big difference in effective instruction delivery in the classroom environment. Teacher education has series of benefits such as understanding discourse in verbal and written communication to balance the t hought and mental perception of the learners. Lastly, these training programs empower the educators to understand the dynamics for motivating learners to actively participate in the learning process. References Brownell, M. T., Bishop, A., Sindelar, P. (2008). NCLB and the demand for highly qualified teachers: Challenges and solutions for rural schools. Rural Education Quarterly, 24, 9-15. Crichton, S., Pegler, K., White, D. (2012). Personal devices in public settings: Lessons learned from an iPod touch/iPad project. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 10(1), 23-31. Darling-Hammond, L., Sykes, G. (2009). Wanted: A national teacher supply policy for education: The right way to meet the â€Å"highly qualified teacher† challenge. Education Policy Analysis Archive, 11(33), 1-55. Driscoll, M. (2005). Psychology of Learning for Instruction (3rd ed.). New York: Allyn Bacon. Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T. (2010). Teacher technology change: How knowledge, confidence, beli efs, and culture intersect. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(3), 255-284. Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching (4th ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearsons Longman. This research paper on Training Strategies in Teacher Education Programs was written and submitted by user Beetle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Physical Geography Climatology and Geomorphology

Primarily, physical geography is the study of the earth’s surface facial appearance and the connected developments. Although physical geography explores the geographic patterns of climate, flora, soils, landforms, and the corporeal milieu that emanate from the internal reactions, it has been an integral tool in international relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Geography: Climatology and Geomorphology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Significantly, physical geography amalgamates with human geography to produce a mixture of the multifaceted exchanges between the natural world and society. There are two branches of physical geography, climatology and geomorphology. Climatology deals with the observation and analysis of weather conditions over an extensive period. For example, physical geography deals with varieties, sources, and distinctiveness of climates right through the world thus, interna tional relationship. Through the study of physical geography, human beings are able to understand and recognize diverse kinds of climates and consequently, construe the regional blueprint of allotment over the surface of the earth. For example, flight between two countries is possible if each country understand the climate of another country. On the other hand, geomorphology deals with the origin and development of landforms and in particular, the manner they occur on the surface of the earth. It also deals with the study of water catchment areas, oceanography and topographical features on the surface of the earth. In general, geography is the study of distribution of human beings and things over the surface of the earth, and the interrelationship between human beings and the natural world. Thus, an understanding of physical geography is a vital component in examining the current events taking place on earth and international relations. In addition, through physical geography, we un derstand why some countries are poor while others are rich. In most cases, countries that mine natural resources such as minerals and oil are rich and always dominate in international markets. Nevertheless, for countries to enter into agreement to exchange their goods and services, they have to sign treaties, which will oversee the smooth running of the affair. Not once, various countries have solved regional differences and conflict that result into political, economic and social interests due to the prior knowledge on physical geography. Physical geography plays a significant role in international relations. For example, in solving boundary problems between two bordering countries, physical features like mountains and rivers all play a significant role. The ongoing conflict between Sothern and Northern Sudan that has claimed millions of lives is mainly due to physical resources.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This calls for diplomacy to solve the ailing problem. Geographical theories depicts the five geographical features, that is, size, location, topography, natural resources and climate, as the factors that dominate international relations. For example, for a long time, European Union has been in a deadlock over its institutional boundaries. However, the prior knowledge of physical geography has enabled European Union to solve this problem by extending the institutional reach towards Central and Eastern Europe to include other countries for the sake of fostering regional peace. The main reason of extending the boundary to include countries form this region, considered by many as a crush zone, was to create peace between Western Europe and Russia. A number of geographical factors have contributed to regional and international wars hence, calling knowledge of international relations to solve the disputes. It is important to note that the physical geography of a region favors a particular country in winning the war. Perhaps this is the reason why even from the ancient times, the acquisition of natural resources has in most cases, resulted into conflict and war between communities or countries. Nevertheless, through the knowledge of international relations and physical geography, peace and tranquility has returned into war torn areas. Thus, physical geography is an imperative discipline in the study of international relations. This essay on Physical Geography: Climatology and Geomorphology was written and submitted by user Cannonball to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Karl Marx and Alienation †Government (300 Level Course)

Karl Marx and Alienation – Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Karl Marx and Alienation Government (300 Level Course) For Karl Marx, the idea of alienation is not as important as it is fundamental for everything that he has to say. Marx understands alienation as the claim that a product of one’s labor is objectified and that the value in the product is in the form of labor used to produce it and not the value that the product gains. It is in this work environment that the term â€Å"alienated labor† is derived. Marx has a problem with capitalism in that it focuses on the value of the produced object and not the human qualities involved in producing the object. Thus the Marxian philosophy is that man is alienated from labor in three ways. First man is alienated from the actual objects of his labor. He is then alienated from any activities that he assumes as a worker. And lastly, capitalism alienates workers from their species being, or role in a universal essence. It is in these three ways that man is alienated from his labor and these help to define alienation for Karl Marx. More simply put, for Marx, the worker in a capitalist society is denying himself rather than affirming himself. Marx has seen where capitalism had gone and noticed the shift in production geared only toward profit. This went against everything that he believed in, as the worker was then nothing more than a dog working for a system that was in no way rewarding him, not economically and never spiritually. The workers are not affirming themselves by what they do, for their work only becomes mind numbing and tedious. Marx believed that the worker became poorer as he produced more wealth. He became an even cheaper commodity with the more commodities he created. As the world around him appreciated in value, his world, the â€Å"world of men† devalued itself in a direct proportion. Marx states that the more industrialized the society becomes, the less the laborer is appreciated. Affirmation of the laborer is of utmost importance to Marx and he came up with his ideas of Communi sm as a direct result of the capitalist society not appreciating its workers. Next we see that the worker soon estranges himself from his activities both as a worker in the system and worse yet as a citizen. In the capitalist system, the object is continually glorified rather than the worker. Marx says that because of this the laborer is often estranged and this results in his alienation. This alienation becomes pervasive and enters all aspects of the workers life, as the worker becomes robotic in his everyday actions and goes through the life without any form of satisfaction. Marx says that the more time the laborer spends at work, the more powerful the alien objective world becomes. A world in which he the worker created over himself. Thus the poorer he and his inner self become. Marx also believes that the capitalist system controls the worker in every aspect of their lives, thus creating a working machine and not a person. People do not grow through their work they merely grow to resent it. This is one of the evils that a communistic society was created to guard its citizens against. Perhaps considered the most important by Marx would be the laboring man estranging himself from his own species being. By this man becomes a being that lives only to make money and reproduce. Therefore man would never work to achieve the universal essence that had been granted to them, and for Marx, their lives would not have been lived to fulfillment. Marx believes that in this particular case, even better wages for workers only make the personal slaving that these workers participate in more profitable but never actually solve the problem. The society becomes one that is lived in to please the system and not for personal development. In this case, capitalism is responsible for creating a society in which the focus of life is in the wrong area. That is saying all of the motivations for people are in the wrong spot; when they should be aiming towards personal development and satisfaction, they only concerning with pleasing the system. Marx’s Communism came about largely because of this reason. These problems are the cornerstones of Marx’s alienation. It is this alienation that creates problems for Marx and it is this alienation that his writings and life works constantly attacked. He felt that in order to overcome this alienation, and to achieve human emancipation, the laborer had to return the satisfaction to himself and his production, thus negating money and private property and returning himself and his fellow workers to a state of universal essence. In order to do so, man had to fight the alienation from his labor, he had to fight the alienation from his activities both as a laborer and as an everyday citizen, and fight as an alienated citizen of the universe and the species being. It is in these three ways that man is alienated from his labor and in these ways that Karl Marx draws his political conclusions and theses. It is this culmination and combination that tells what alienation is to Marx and what functions that he feels it performs. Research Papers on Karl Marx and Alienation - Government (300 Level Course)Twilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Filtration as a sample concentration method of water samples Research Paper

Filtration as a sample concentration method of water samples - Research Paper Example In conclusion, the paper finds that filtration is vastly used in the concentration of environmental water samples for water quality testing. Water is an essential constituent of life. In fact, human beings cannot do without water. Water is a biological, physical, and chemical component that bears a huge influence on life as it is known on Earth. Hence, researchers from diverse fields have sought to come up with ways to manipulate water in order to achieve certain aims that are beneficial to life. However, in the process of the day-to-day activities, human beings have polluted water by dumping waste into it. In addition, varying microorganisms that are harmful to human health tend to exist in contaminated water. These microorganisms are the reason why microbiologists spend a huge part of their time, resources, and knowledge into devising ways through which contaminated water can be purified and declared fit for human consumption. The main aim being to protect the health of human being s. Thus, microbiologists have developed various techniques that are utilized to recuperate microorganisms from water samples. One such method is filtration. In environmental microbiology, filtration is used as a sample concentration method to recover microorganisms. It is duly applied in water quality analysis. Hence, the paper seeks to describe what researchers have found in regard to filtration as a sample concentration method for water quality analysis.